Parts of I.C. Engine

Basic Path Of REIKI

1. Face
Palms of your hands are placed against your hands over your eyes lightly and fingers upon your forehead. No pressure needed, touch lightly.

2. Crown and Top of head
Place hands on both side of head, heels of your hands resting near your ears, fingertips touching at the crown.

3. Back of the head
Crossing your arms behind your head, Place one hand over your head and other directly above rope of your neck.

4. Chin and Jawline
Rest chin inside palms of your cupped hands. Allow hands to wrap themselves along your jawline.

5. Neck Collarbone and Heart
Grab your neck inside the v formed by your thumbs and fingers. Lower your other hand and rest it between your collarbone and heart center.

6. Ribs and Rib-Cage
Place your hand on your upper ribcage between chest. Relax your bent elbows.

7.Abdomen
Place hands on tummy (solar plexus area) above navel, allowing your fingertips to touch.

8. Pelvic bones
Place one hand over each pelvic bone, again allowing your fingertips to touch.

9. Shoulder blades
Reach your arms over your head, bending your elbows and placing your hands over shoulder blades or on top of your shoulder.

10. Mid-back

reach behind your back with elbows bent and place your hands on center of your back

Inter Combustion engine (I.C.Engine)

             Internal combustion engine

It is an engine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Heat is produced due to process of combustion

Classification

·       Type of fuel used

a.     Petrol engine

b.    Diesel engine

c.      Bio-fuel engine

·       No of strokes

a.      2 stroke engine

b.      4 stroke engine

Stroke: - linear momentum of piston inside cylinder.

Four strokes are: - ignition, compression, expansion, exhaustion.

·        Method of ignition

a.      Spark ignition engine (also known petrol engine)

--eternal medium like spark from spark plug is given to ignite charge (charge is mixture of petrol and gas.)

b.      Compression ignition engine

--gas is compressed to that much extent so it burst to ignite fuel.

è Petrol ignition engine has more temperature than diesel.

·        According to thermodynamic cycles

a.      Otto cycle (principle for petrol engine.)

Otto cycle: Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the cars internal combustion engines that work using gasoline as a fuel

b.      Diesel cycle

·        On method of cooling

a.      Air cooled engine

b.      Water cooled engine

          Petrol engine               

                     

       Working

·        Ignition

                 Petrol engines use spark ignition and high voltage current for the spark may be provided by a magneto or an ignition coil. In modern car engines the ignition timing is managed by an electronic Engine Control Unit.

·       Cooling

                      Petrol engines may be air-cooled, with fins (to increase the surface area on the cylinders and cylinder head); or liquid-cooled, by a water jacket and radiator. The coolant was formerly water, but is now usually a mixture of water and either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The cooling system is usually slightly pressurized to further raise the boiling point of the coolant.

·        Power measurement

The most common way of engine rating is what is known as the brake power, measured at the flywheel, and given in kilowatts (metric) or horsepower (USA). The term "brake" comes from the use of a brake in a dynamometer test to load the engine

·       

      Different parts of Internal Combustion Engine

1.      Inlet valve: it is moved with help of rocker arm to lift up and pass the charge or gas.

2.      Piston: it moves up and down between TDC (top dead centre) & BDC (bottom dead centre) to produce a stroke.

7. Crank Shaft: it rotates with every stroke (half with one stroke) and provides power for exhaust, expansion.

9. Outlet valve: it’s also moved with rocker arm to pass the exhaust gas.

10: Piston Ring: it provides sealing action for piston to restrict passage of fuels and gas to crank shaft.

è Bore: it is the internal diameter of cylinder

è Spark plug is used in case of petrol engine and fuel injector is used in case of diesel engine.

Modern history - Revolt of 1857

                               THE REVOLT OF 1857

Causes of revolt in January 1857  new enfield rifle were introduced in which the cartridges were made of fats of cows and pigs and the soldiers raised their voice against it

19th naive infantry at bahrampur disobeyed government order in 16 feb 1857

on 29 march 1857 MANGAL PANDEY a sepoy of 34 naive infantry mutineer in barrakpore ,

he wounded lieutenant baugh and general hearsay and was thus hanged.

on 24 April 1857 90 men of 3rd cavalry refused to use fresed cartridge 85 of them were dismissed in 9 may 1857 and on 10 may they revolted from meerut .

colonel fonnis was killed in barrakpore

on 12 may 1857 Delhi was captured and its commander leutinent willowby serrendered ,

bahadurshah zafar was proclaimed as the emperor of India the erevels used chaparris and red lotus as the signature of revolt to propagate it

MAIN CENTERS OF REVOLT :-

Delhi :- 

in Delhi the rebel army was commanded by colonel bakht khan ,

delhi was recaptured by colonel john nicholson bahadur shah was departed to rangoon and his sons and frand sons were executed by leutinent hudson

Kanpur:-

here the main leaders were nana saheb ,tantya tope and ,azim ullah khan kanpur was recaptured by major gen. havelock . its final recovery was done by collin campbell in december 1857.

nana saheb's real name was dhondu padm

tantya tope's real name was ramchandra pandurang

Jhansi:-

the main rebel leader in jhansi was rani lakshmi bai the queen of raja gangadhar

jhansi was recaptured by sir huges roes on 4th april1858 and rani lakshmi bai died on 7th of june 1858.

Lucknow:-

in lucknow the main rebel leaders were begum hazratmahal  and azim ullah khan

lucknow was recaptured by collin campbell on 21of march 1858.

Barelley:-

the main rebel  leader in barelley was khan bahadur khan

barellry was recaptured by collin campbell in 5th of may

bihar

the main rebel leaders in bhar were  kunwar singh the zamindaar of jagdishpur and amar singh  in august 1857  william taylor and winsent eyre supressed the movement in bihar

 Faizabad:-

in faizabad the rebellin took place under the leadrship of maulana azimullah khan later maulana was killed by the raja of puwain

                                                                                                                                                  

Essay On Paris And It'a French Translation

PARIS

The name "Paris" is derived from that of its earliest inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii.

The city was called Lutetia (more fully, LutetiaParisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 4th century AD, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate, the city was renamed Paris.

It is the capital and most populous city of France.

 In the north of the country, at the heart of the Île-de-France region. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine, spread widely on both banks of the river, and includes two inhabited islands.

Paris has many nicknames, like "The City of Love", but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumière" ("The City of Light")

Many of its masterpieces such as the Louvre, well known museums in Paris and the Arc de Triomphe are iconic buildings, especially its internationally recognized symbol, the Eiffel Tower. The most Prominent landmark in Paris would have to be the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower took two years to build on March 31, 1889. 

The Louvre is the world's most visited art museum, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue.

Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden banks of the Seine near the Louvre and left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former private garden belonging to a château built for Marie de' Medici in 1612.

The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century OpéraGarnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille.

Paris is the culinary capital of the world and is known worldwide for its gourmet cuisine Some of the best places to eat in Paris include Le Cinq, Taillevent, Restruant Pierre Gagnaire, and L’Astrance. Le Cinq serves classic and contemporary dishes

One of the most important holidays in Paris is Bastille Day, which is on July 14. It celebrates the French revolution.

Le nom de «Paris» est dérivé de celui de ses premiers habitants, la tribu gauloise connue sous le nom Parisii.

La ville a été appelé Lutetia (plus pleinement, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia des Parisii»), à l'époque romaine du 1er au 4ème siècle après JC, mais pendant le règne de Julien l'Apostat, la ville a été rebaptisée Paris.

Il est la capitale et la plus peuplée de France.

 Dans le nord du pays, au cœur de la région Île-de-France. Paris est situé dans l'arc nord-flexion de la Seine, largement répandu sur les deux rives de la rivière, et comprend deux îles habitées.

Paris a de nombreux surnoms, comme "La ville de l'amour", mais le plus célèbre est "La Ville-Lumière" ("La Ville Lumière")

Plusieurs de ses chefs-d'œuvre tels que le Louvre, les musées bien connus à Paris et l'Arc de Triomphe sont des bâtiments emblématiques, notamment son symbole internationalement reconnu, la Tour Eiffel. Le monument le plus célèbre de Paris devrait être la Tour Eiffel. La Tour Eiffel a fallu deux ans pour construire le 31 Mars 1889.

Le Louvre est le musée d'art le plus visité au monde, abritant de nombreuses œuvres d'art, y compris la Mona Lisa (La Joconde) et la statue de la Vénus de Milo.

Deux de Paris de jardins les plus anciens et les plus célèbres sont les banques Tuileries Jardin de la Seine près du Louvre et la rive gauche du Jardin du Luxembourg, un autre ancien jardin privé appartenant à un château construit pour Marie de Médicis en 1612.

Les grandes maisons d'opéra de Paris sont le 19e siècle Opéra Garnier (Paris historique Opéra) et moderne Opéra Bastille.

Paris est la capitale culinaire du monde et est connue dans le monde entier pour sa cuisine gastronomique Certains des meilleurs endroits pour manger à Paris comprennent Le Cinq, Taillevent, Restruant Pierre Gagnaire, et L'Astrance. Le Cinq sert des plats classiques et contemporains

L'une des fêtes les plus importantes de Paris est Bastille Day, qui est le 14 Juillet. Il célèbre la révolution française.